Trematodes: Clonorchis and Paragonimus
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Filarial Nematodes: Loa loa and Onchocerca volvulus
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The primary limitation of sputum cytology in diagnosing peripheral lung lesions is its low sensitivity for these tumors. Peripheral lesions, located in the outer third of the lung or lung periphery, often do not communicate with major bronchi and therefore do not exfoliate cells into the sputum effectively. Additionally, cells from peripheral lesions may degenerate during transit through the respiratory tract. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), transbronchial biopsy, or CT-guided fine needle aspiration are more appropriate methods for sampling peripheral lesions, offering higher diagnostic yields.
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