Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

This comprehensive topic addresses Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML), the most common acute leukaemia in adults. It is a cornerstone of advanced haematology education for Zambian university and diploma students. The material defines AML based on the accumulation of myeloid blast cells (>20% in marrow) and explains its pathogenesis through acquired mutations in genes regulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (e.g., FLT3, NPM1, DNMT3A). Both the FAB morphological and the contemporary WHO classification systems are covered, with the latter emphasising genetic abnormalities. The clinical presentation, dominated by sequelae of bone marrow failure (severe infections, anaemia, bleeding) and occasional tissue infiltration (e.g., gums, skin), is detailed. The diagnostic laboratory evaluation is a major focus, including peripheral blood smear examination for blasts and Auer rods, bone marrow assessment, and the pivotal role of cytochemistry (Myeloperoxidase, Sudan Black B) and immunophenotyping (CD13+, CD33+) in confirming myeloid lineage. For tertiary learners, mastery of AML requires understanding the link between genetic subtypes, clinical behaviour, and prognosis. This knowledge is essential for interpreting lab reports, contributing to treatment discussions, and succeeding in professional examinations for careers in haematology, oncology, or medical laboratory science in Zambia.