Aetiology and Genetics of Haematological Malignancies

This advanced topic delves into the origins and genetic foundations of blood cancers, a critical area of study for tertiary students in Zambia. It explores how haematological malignancies are clonal diseases arising from genetic alterations in a single cell. The content covers major aetiological factors, including inherited genetic syndromes (e.g., Down's syndrome), environmental influences like chemical exposure (e.g., benzene) and ionising radiation, and the significant role of infections (e.g., EBV, HTLV-1, H. pylori). Crucially, the topic explains the core genetic mechanisms of oncogenesis, distinguishing between driver and passenger mutations, and detailing the functions of oncogenes (e.g., through translocation or point mutation) and tumour-suppressor genes (e.g., p53). It also introduces essential cytogenetic nomenclature used in diagnosing these conditions. For university and college learners in biomedical sciences, this knowledge is vital for understanding disease pathogenesis, interpreting diagnostic reports, and appreciating the rationale behind targeted therapies. Excelling in this topic is key for exam success and forms the basis for specialised practice in oncology or diagnostic haematology within the Zambian health system.