Cell Cycle and Its Regulation

The cell cycle and its regulation are fundamental topics in cell biology and genetics for Zambian tertiary students in biomedical sciences, oncology, and pathology. This subject details the ordered sequence of events—Interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and Mitotic phase (M)—through which a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and divides into two daughter cells. A key focus is on the critical checkpoints (G1/S, G2/M, and spindle assembly) that ensure genomic integrity by monitoring cell size, DNA damage, and chromosome attachment. The roles of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and tumor suppressor genes like p53 and RB in regulating progression are emphasized. This knowledge is crucial for understanding normal growth, tissue repair, and how dysregulation leads to cancer. Aligned with university curricula in Zambia, this topic prepares students for examinations in cell biology, genetics, and cancer biology, forming a basis for careers in medical research, diagnostics, and therapeutic development.