Agammaglobulinemia is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by very low levels of all immunoglobulins (antibodies). Since ABO antibodies (anti-A and anti-B) are immunoglobulins (primarily IgM), a patient with this condition will have very weak or absent ABO antibodies. This directly affects the reverse grouping (serum typing) part of the ABO test. In reverse grouping, we expect to see strong agglutination based on the missing antigens. For example, a type A patient should have anti-B causing agglutination with B reagent cells. In agammaglobulinemia, this reaction will be weak or negative, creating a discrepancy with the forward grouping result, which tests antigens on the patient's own red cells and will be normal. Therefore, the serum (reverse) part will be abnormal, often showing missing or very weak expected antibodies.

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Zambia

• loveness Phiri – 1084 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies