Clinical Medicine Diagnostics
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Definition and Causes of Upper GI Bleeding
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1) Hematogenous spread (through blood), 2) Axonal transport (via peripheral nerves, e.g., rabies, herpes), 3) Olfactory nerve route, 4) Direct invasion from adjacent structures (sinuses, middle ear). Some also cross the blood-brain barrier via infected leukocytes (Trojan horse).
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