Definition and Causes of Upper GI Bleeding

This topic covers the definition and major causes of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB). UGIB is defined as bleeding occurring proximal to the ligament of Treitz. The major causes include Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD), esophageal and gastric varices, hemorrhagic gastritis, Mallory-Weiss tears, and upper GI malignancies. For Zambian medical, nursing, and clinical officer students, this foundational knowledge is crucial for forming an accurate differential diagnosis in emergency and clinical settings, directly impacting patient assessment and initial management decisions.