Gene Expression: Transcription and Translation

This topic delves into the central dogma of molecular biology, detailing the processes of transcription and translation through which genetic information is converted into functional proteins. Designed for Zambian college and university students in genetics, molecular biology, or biochemistry, the module covers RNA polymerase activity, promoter recognition, mRNA processing (capping, splicing, polyadenylation), the genetic code, ribosome function, tRNA adaptors, and the stages of translation initiation, elongation, and termination. Students will examine differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression and the regulatory elements that control it. Proficiency in gene expression mechanisms is critical for success in tertiary examinations and for careers in genetic research, molecular diagnostics, or biopharmaceuticals within Zambia. The topic bridges foundational theory with applied knowledge, equipping learners to understand disease mechanisms, develop therapeutics, and contribute to Zambia’s growing biotechnology and healthcare sectors.