The ABO Blood Group System

This foundational topic in Blood Transfusion Science details the ABO blood group system, one of the most critical and clinically significant blood group systems. Zambian university and college students will explore its discovery by Landsteiner, the genetics involving genes on chromosome 9, and the resulting genotypes and phenotypes (A, B, AB, O). The biochemistry of ABO antigens, their development, and the characteristics of naturally occurring antibodies (anti-A, anti-B) are covered in depth. Practical laboratory techniques for ABO typing, including forward and reverse grouping using methods like tube testing, gel cards, and automation, are thoroughly explained. The topic also addresses the clinical importance of ABO compatibility in transfusion, highlighting the concepts of universal donors and recipients for red cells and plasma. Learners will study Dutch guidelines for robust typing procedures and investigate common discrepancies and special cases, such as weak subgroups, mixed field reactions, and testing in newborns. This knowledge is vital for Zambian tertiary students pursuing careers in medical laboratories, ensuring safe and accurate pre-transfusion testing.