HIV Biology, Structure and Pathogenesis

This advanced topic delves into the fundamental biology and pathogenesis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Students will explore the intricate structure of HIV-1, including its viral envelope, glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41), protein matrix (p17), nucleocapsid core (p24), and viral enzymes. The module details the HIV life cycle, from attachment and fusion through to integration, replication, and budding. A key focus is placed on viral tropism, co-receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4), and the mechanisms of viral entry into target cells such as CD4+ T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. For Zambian diploma and degree students in medicine, biomedical sciences, and laboratory technology, this knowledge forms the cornerstone for understanding disease progression, drug targets, and diagnostic methods. Mastering HIV pathogenesis is essential for exam success in microbiology and immunology modules and is directly relevant to clinical practice and research in Zambia's fight against HIV/AIDS. This topic prepares tertiary learners for advanced concepts in virology and antiretroviral therapy.