Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

This topic covers the broad and heterogeneous group of malignancies known as Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL). It is a core component of the haematology curriculum for Zambian university and college students. The material introduces the classification of NHL within the WHO framework, considering cell lineage (B-cell vs. T/NK-cell), site, and genetic features. It explains the critical clinical distinction between indolent (low-grade) and aggressive (high-grade) lymphomas, which dictates management urgency and potential for cure. The pathogenesis section highlights the importance of infectious agents (e.g., EBV, HIV, H. pylori) and frequent cytogenetic abnormalities, including translocations leading to oncogene overexpression. Clinical features are explored, noting the variable presentation with lymphadenopathy, extranodal involvement (e.g., GI tract, skin), and constitutional symptoms. The topic emphasises definitive diagnosis through lymph node biopsy with ancillary immunophenotypic and genetic studies. For tertiary learners, mastering the classification, behaviour, and diagnostic approach to NHL is imperative for clinical reasoning and laboratory practice. This knowledge is essential for passing professional exams and for contributing effectively to multidisciplinary cancer care teams in Zambia.