Oral and Esophageal Pathology

Oral and Esophageal Pathology covers a range of inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic conditions affecting the upper gastrointestinal tract. This topic includes herpesvirus infections, aphthous ulcers, oral candidiasis, leukoplakia, dental caries, periodontal disease, esophageal motility disorders (achalasia, hiatal hernia), esophagitis, Barrett esophagus, and esophageal carcinomas (squamous cell and adenocarcinoma). For Zambian university and college students in medicine, dentistry, otolaryngology, and gastroenterology, understanding these conditions is essential for diagnosing dysphagia, oral lesions, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The content aligns with tertiary curricula, emphasizing clinical presentation, risk factors, histological features, and endoscopic findings. Mastery supports examination performance and clinical skills in managing common and premalignant conditions of the oral cavity and esophagus in Zambian patients.